Doesn't that suggest VISA & MC are not making obscene profits? The upstart being more expensive than the incumbent is often a sign that the incumbent is not just resting on their laurels with fat profit margins.
AMEX has been issuing charge cards since 1958 and Discover has been issuing credit cards since 1985.
https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2017/06/29/53...
One fun bit is that it uses SIM applications[0], something that's barely used for anything serious except for m-pesa (and its spin-offs) but exists practically across the entire GSM infrastructure.
China did the same thing by banning Google and supporting Baidu.
In Baidu's case, they're a locally grown replacement. Per the article, local credit systems didn't really take off; a researcher in the article states their belief it's due to different attitudes on debt in China.
I’ve travelled quite a lot, but everywhere I’ve been there has been the same - Visa, MC, and a local alternative or two that might be popular within the country but don’t extend elsewhere.
Is there actually any other network elsewhere in the world that is of a similar scale? I assume China must have something?