Borrowing the variable examples from another comment, do you believe that the former is easier to understand for someone who knows English grammar than the latter? (I'm using Python syntax since we're going for English-like readability and added parantheses to the boolean operation to indicate order of operations for the liberal arts major that we've decided is the target audience of this code):

  if isAdmin:
    return false
  if not isActive:
    return false
  return true

vs

  return (not isAdmin) and isActive

If someone doesn’t have a basic grasp of Boolean logic then maybe programming is not the right choice..

Doesn't matter. Unless one option leads the compiler to generate better code than the other, it's a matter of aesthetics, not correctness. And since you don't even need to be a programmer to understand what the first one means, it's still easier to read.

An observation that comes from studying foreign languages: you learn “and”, “or” and “not” a long time before “if”.

Earnestly: Yes. But there may well be programming tasks or jobs that they are suited to, for which no understanding of boolean logic will make no difference on a day to day basis.