It depends on whether evaluating x leads to non-termination. In that case, action(x) should also not terminate.

Yeah, I would be curious of a different scenario when:

  - If E then I would take action A
  - If not E then I would take A also
  - However when the outcome of (E vs not E) is undetermined, hesitate from action A.

Does anyone know a real world example of such a situation?

Scientists say that there's a considerable but not overwhelming chance that the volcano on my island might erupt in the next few days.

If I knew that the volcano is going to erupt, then I would drive to the airport (with all my belongings, and leave).

If I knew that the volcano on my island is not going to erupt this month, then I would drive to the airport (to go on a package holiday that I had planned).

However, if the outcome is undetermined, I might prefer to cancel my holiday (I would not enjoy it while worrying about all my stuff potentially being destroyed in a fiery inferno) and wait to see what happens. So I should hesitate from driving to the airport.

In this example the two "drive to airport" actions are different.

    If (volcano_status == GONNA_BLOW)
        pack_everything_and_run();
    else if (volcano_status == NO_WORRIES)
        pack_suitcase_and_leave_for_holiday();
    else if (volcano_status == UNKNOWN)
        cancel_holiday();

It depends on what you treat as a complete action. One could equally well decompose it as two actions and two conditionals:

if (volcano_status == GONNA_BLOW) refuel_car(); else if (volcano_status == NO_WORRIES) refuel_car(); else if (volcano_status == UNKNONW) nop();

then later

if (volcano_status == GONNA_BLOW) pack_everything_and_run(); else if (volcano_status == NO_WORRIES) pack_suitcase_and_leave_for_holiday(); else if (volcano_status == UNKNONW) call_to_cancel_holiday();

Then refueling the car is definitely the same action, even if it's followed by different actions later on.

I don't think things in real life lead to non-termination, because humans are flexible and get bored. (In fact I'm pretty sure this is the evolutionary advantage behind boredom - it's a mechanism for breaking out of loops.)