Sorry for the sarcasm, I just feel your pain. Learning even basic things in bash has been slow for me too. I love it. I prefer it to GUIs on most things I have figured out.
But there's so much to learn.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pb3k0sGKrjQ
Plug for book that resulted:
https://www.mercurial-scm.org/pipermail/mercurial/2015-March...
http://linuxcommand.org/tlcl.php/
https://www.amazon.com/UNIX-Linux-System-Administration-Hand...
Identify someone at your work or school who you feel always has a nice perspective and who you trust; then seek out their opinion and advice when you have questions. You can learn a lot in a fairly short amount of time by applying this practice.
You can also find what I've heard called "silent teachers" - there's no formal or informal relationship between the two of you, but you're always watching what they say, observing the things they care about, etc.
If you're in a situation where you're not employed full-time in a technical position it becomes a little harder but you can still do it. Much of it depends on your local context.
One notable example is the time I had to learn C# 4 years ago. It took an entire morning to scan through the entire language reference and then later I found out I already knew a lot more than "advanced" devs who would just look up stuff as they needed it, without knowing what actually is available in the first place.
I feel its the only sensible advice if you want to learn a lot on your own with limited time.
Coreutils is a good place to start.
I spent 10 years avoiding awk, because every time I typed 'man awk' I was overwhelmed by the GNU monstrosity. Then I found the man page for the plan9 implementation of awk (http://man.cat-v.org/plan_9/1/awk) and learned the language in fifteen minutes.
Rather, info manuals are GNU's official (self-invented I think) documentation system. They make manpages only because of their popularity, but they direct you to the info pages for more info. When other projects have too much documentation for a manpage, they split it among several pages, like perl, openssl, zsh, git, borg, btrfs, etc. Personally, I like both, and wouldn't rank one above the other.
If there is a better source, I don't know it.
I learned programming through the web, so I lack a lot of knowledge in basic systems / bash / *nix / I'm not even sure how to call that.
I've googled so many time "learn bash" etc but it's never really what I'm looking for.
I regularly discover tools that are so basic yet so powerful (all things you mention) yet I feel there is a lack of (great) resources online to "learn the basic tools of your CL".