Of course they do exist, but they are very fragile, usually only work in a very specific architecture, compiler version and compilation flags.
As for your test example, it doesn't work if you need to mock a library only available in binary form.
Getting it to the point actual implementations are replaced by mocks at binary level... might be rather challenging.
(In Golang, tests mainly work like this: foo.go tests are in foo_test.go. "go test" would then run the unit tests for foo in foo_test.)
https://www.golang-book.com/books/intro/12