Splitting out arithmetic from "Maths" doesn't seem terribly sensible to me. Times tables aren't really problematic, and they do provide opportunities to teach valuable concepts (5x6 = 6x5).
I'm honestly dubious of anyone who claims that the reason people hate maths is because of times tables.
If someone thinks of math that way, I can understand why it would be boring to them. Thats what I mean by blocked on arithmetic. If every thing is taught as a cookie-cutter process to follow its not surprising that people associate math with blindly following processes.
A hammer and a chisel are tools. You can use them to shave a bit of wood off the door, or you can use them to carve a beautiful sculpture. You can do neither without knowing how to use them.
I agree that too much of maths teaching is "here are 100 quadratics, go solve them" - which is obnoxious and dull. But "blindly following process" (matrix multiplication, change of variables/base, sum to infinity etc) happened throughout my degree and is a component of higher maths as well. Heck, most of the proofs I remember use "tricks" that any mathematician is expected to just know.
I sure as hell don't think children are taught maths well. I remember being taught how to take the derivative of x^2 without the teacher bothering to show where that came from or what it really meant. Heck - children are given the quadratic formula to memorise and basically told "it's magic, learn it" instead of showing them how you can trivially create it by completing the square.
But mathematics does involves a ton of following some process or other to get the problem into a format you can do something with. Probably by following a different process that you've done before. I'm not sold that you can simply eliminate that aspect.
The times tables are BS math? The thing I've used IRL literally hundreds (thousands?) of times more than I've ever used anything from, say, calculus? The thing that yes I could use a calculator for but damn would it get annoying because I use it so often? That's what we should stop teaching?
Math things I use a lot in actual real life: basic arithmetic (drilled skills/knowledge!), basic algebra, factions/percentages (converting one to the other, and scaling other numbers by them—the basic arithmetic stuff is also vital here), and generally how triangles work. That's... almost all of it, actually. Some high-school-level stats stuff from time to time, I guess.
Years later when I worked in a shop I used to cost complex print jobs in my head and co-workers though it was magic.
The way maths is taught in the UK is largely how and very rarely why.
On the other hand, I can't imagine anywhere that would expect one to know 11x15 off the top of ones head.
Its kind of dumb how arithmetic is seen as a precursor to math when its really not. You could do an ENTIRE college-level course in linear algebra or calculus or graph theory or even combinatorics perfectly well even if you have no idea what 11*15 is off the top of your head and have to look it up every time.
Its just a ridiculously backwards approach to teaching. We don't teach CS by testing people on memorizing syntax and API calls - they are rightly relegated to "google it when you need it, eventually you'll remember it". Of course algorithms are more interesting and building things is more fun so we focus on that.
Current way of teaching math is just a historical accident IMO. No real reason it couldn't be conceptual and interesting from the start if there wasn't so much inertia around current systems.