Do you have an example? Beyond the idea of user/root separation, which doesn't really do much for modern single user computers: https://xkcd.com/1200/
POSIX philosophy also prevents the "keys to the kingdom" kind of exploits you can get in windows, many linux exploits are much harder to chain together simply due to this.
The * nix networking stack has always been much more mature and robust than the windows stack, although I'll admit that's not necessarily inherent to the design.
I also really like how Gatekeeper ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatekeeper_(macOS) ) works – it quarantines documents such as word files, so that on first open you get a dialog pointing out that it's been downloaded. This is great, because you see the dialog very infrequently. I actually pay attention to it when it comes up.