[1] If you touch a lot of ref counted binaries, without generating enough garbage on the process heap to trigger GC. GC time scales with process heap, if you get a large enough backlog in your mailbox, GC may reduce the throughput to the point where you can't recover, although doing selective receives if you don't trigger the optimization for new references[2] is much more painful than GC scaling.
[2] http://erlang.org/pipermail/erlang-questions/2010-June/05175...
EDIT: from slides about r19 GC [3], it seems that both of the GC issues I mentioned have had targeted changes: for refcounted binary issues, there's now a 'virtual binary heap' to help trigger GC; for GC with a big mailbox, there are different allocation strategies available which may help.
[3] https://www.erlang-solutions.com/blog/erlang-19-0-garbage-co...