Historically, the governments have been the most effective long-term funders of science. THere is an entire class of scientists in the US (Europe, Japan, etc) who exist because of the government's heavy spending to train students (this has sometimes become a problem, for example the US trained so many bioscientists that when the funding froze a few years later, the market became saturated and many of us left for Industry.

Is it really a problem if government scientists leave for industry?

I might not have made it clear, but these are academic scientists who were funded by government, but were unable to transition from grad school or postdoc to Professor because of a high level of competition due to frozen number of professor positions.

It's not clear to me whether it's bad for academic scientists to leave for industry- that includes me and a number of people I have recruited from academia to work in industry. It's worked well for me, but it was very unpleasant for my cohort to expect to become professors, when they couldn't, due to the NIH budget freeze.

> unable to transition from grad school or postdoc to Professor

But were they all intending to do that in the first place?

Do you think most people who go to graduate school are intending to become academics? Lots of people say that, but it's not what I see in PhD students - many want to go into industry from the start.

In my field- biophysics- and also in the larger bio field, the vast majority of PhD recipients intend to go on to be professors, or research scientists at a national lab (I went the latter route when the former turned out to be too hard), rather than academia. Nearly every single person who graduated in my program went on to do either med school (to be a research MD), or postdoc (path to professor). Now, my school was in SF, so a fair number of people were highly incentivized to start companies (NOT go work for companies- to be founders), but I'd say that's rare and fairly specific to prestigious programs in larger cities/higher profile universities.

I don't know a single person in my program who actually said they wanted to work in industry (other than the company founders).

Perhaps it's different in other fields.

Some limited info for other fields.

For the engineering PhD programs (chemical, biomedical, electrical, and mechanical) I'm familiar with at (what was once termed) Carnegie R1 universities, the split ends up being around 50/50 for academia vs industry track after graduation. For bio at the same schools, I saw the same as you, near unity for academia. Of my engineering PhD cohort, I was the only 1 of 14 who founded a startup.

I think research md is the field to be in. Md/phd. Plenty of jobs always in demand.

I don't think you can really encourage someone to go for a MD/PhD in good conscience now. It takes too long now and is of questionable benefit. I've interacted with many smart MD/PhDs who were pushing 40 and were still not attendings / lacked their own lab. Your career prospects are severely constrained at that point.

You can always go into practice?

As a long-time academic, yes. Industry does not do research of the same quality as academia; they will not approach as broad a range of questions. No industry would build a large hadron collider, or investigate obscure metabolic pathways or bacterial coat proteins with no known product development goals. Academic freedom doesn't exist in industry.

Furthermore, industry is notoriously tight with the results it produces; even if, internally, it's producing good science, the fact that this science isn't being broadly shared with other people is a huge drag on the pace of progress. Academic openness is indispensible to scientific advancements.

That doesn't address the underlying point which is that if there's not enough faculty or research positions, people can't stay in academia to do that great research. That's why government funding is so key.

1. It's a problem for students who invested their time (and possibly money, but certainly opporunity cost) in this training. "Sucks for them, not my problem" is 1) excessively uncharitable, and 2) confuses personal interest with overall social goodness. Don't get me wrong -- it's totally understandable for you to say "is that really a problem that we should try to fix?". And in a lot of cases I probably even agree with you! But it's less understandable for you to simply say "that's not a problem".

2. Suppose you don't care about providing steady scientific employment for individual scientists but do value scientific progress (I find this position contradictory to the point of absurdity, but let's roll with it). Even in this case, cyclical funding cuts are still a source of waste:

a) society essentially wasted money subsidizing the education of people who are now not using their training (some might be, but probably many aren't).

b) funding freezes are often temporary, but by the time spending rebounds all those scientists you spent billions of dollars training have moved on to indsutry (research or no). So now you have to double down and train a new generation in order to make progress.

Yeah, my plan was always to get a full professor position at a mid-tier university. Had I known the NIH budget would have been frozen, I would have not gone to grad school and instead worked for Yahoo pre-IPO, and today I'd be a many-times-over millionaire funding a new crop of scientists out of my money.

I did the same. Interestingly you can always go back to grad school, get a PhD and even become a professor after you're rich.. Probably easier too.

Governments are the only ones who actually benefit from thinking long term in the sense that they are the best distributer of the knowledge that comes out of basic research.

Quantum Physics was more or less a governmental sponsored project. The Internet was a governmental sponsored project.

Knowledge for the sake of knowledge is the ultimate risk taking and governments not private institutions should perform this as government are the ones who benefit the most.

UNIX was... Oh wait.

Out of At&T Bell Labs AT&T was a regulated monopoly for a long time.

The point is not that government is better at innovating than private organizations it's that they are better suited for actual research in things that doesn't have a market yet.

Private companies on the other hand are much better at taking knowledge which can be applied to the market to then run with it. But up until that point I think it's fair to say that we would want to sponsor research into basic science for the good of the whole society.

Most major discoveries are accidents, it's those accidents which leads to market application.

Instead history shows us that you can't find something by looking for it. I.e. the most important research we have done haven't had a market to begin with but rather have let the pursue of knowledge be the primary motivator.

Government regulation of Bell Labs as a monopoly strongly incentivized them to invest heavily in research, and basically forced them to sell the results to competitors.

This was not the result of free market competition.

UNIX was derived from MULTICS, which was partially funded by DARPA grants.

"derived from" in the sense of "complete opposite in every way".

Edit: ok, maybe not _every_ way. Pipes are "inspired by an idea from Multics". https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/hist.html

No, it's not completely opposite. You can see UNIX as a simplification of Multics (with the name being a very nice pun!), dropping most of the really hard-to-implement features and focusing on a simple core. Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie were programmers on Multics and they admitted lifting features from Multics to implement UNIX.

Many of the things that Multics had eventually made their way back into various UNIX derivatives, because they were great features that a modern OS wants to have. Multics was way ahead of its time in many ways.

> Many of the things that Multics had eventually made their way back into various UNIX derivatives, because they were great features that a modern OS wants to have.

Interesting. Can you name some?

You missed the shell, and the hierarchical filesystem. UNIX later adopted a number of other Multics features as well.

Interestingly, AT&T was prevented from selling UNIX as a consequence of their agreement with the US gov't.

Government augmenting research institutions has been the only consistent source of funding for research that doesn't pay out in a 2-5 year timespan.

Theere's plenty of waste in the government, but you'd be hard-pressed to find the typical types of government waste or incompetence in for example the NSF. Unless you believe basic science is wasteful I guess.

Here's a neat example of government support for telescopes from a few years ago: http://www.lettersofnote.com/2016/02/the-galilean-moons.html

"Galileo Galilei most humbly prostrates himself before Your Highness ... to write of having decided to present to Your Highness a telescope that will be a great help in maritime and land enterprises. ... This telescope has the advantage of discovering the ships of the enemy two hours before they can be seen with the natural vision and to distinguish the number and quality of the ships and to judge their strength ..."

Government is in fact the only kind of institution that can finance science in the good and bad times. Companies have too much of a short-term profit-driven incentive to fund basic science. They can even do that for short periods, when everything looks rosy and they want to attract talent (examples are AT&T, Google, HP, etc.), but profit is so important that they will cut these investment as soon as necessary to improve other areas of the company.

Isn't a lot of medical research funded by governments? Wasn't Pasteur essentially working for the government when he made his discoveries?

In the US, the NIH invests $30B/yr (and other agencies also fund medical research). Note, they're more expansive: much of the research has been into basic biology with no immediate applications (often called pure research, although we were trained to always say the research would eventually leading to curing cancer). England and Japan also do this.

Much of the most impactful research has taken decades to play out and the original research didn't necessarily have medical goals, but turned out to be necessary to making progress.

Some companies have high enough profit margins to dedicate large budgets to research with no immediate applications. Genentech is the first one that comes to mind, but there are others. It takes a great deal of courage to fund this sort of research when you are a CSO or CEO because of constant calls for immediate profits.

I've seen this play out for so long- in biology, in physics, and IT- that I've become inured to the idea that most good ideas take decades to play out until the profits arrive.

I am not entirely certain whether it's correct to say Pasteur was working for the government. When a scientist reaches his level of stature, she pays her own ticket.

>Governments don't and probably shouldn't

The extreme irony of you writing this comment on the Internet should not go unnoticed. Are you really unaware of the extent to which the government underpins all of the interesting long range research in the country?

In a sense, the Internet is the poster child for this, because the alternatives funded and promoted by the telecom industry was so closed that it never grew. The rapid growth of the internet happened because the government funded it for many years (pre-ARPAnet, ARPAnet/NSFNet/etc, then Internet) before it was really ready to expand rapidly. Then, when it was growing rapidly, it funded people to study tech that allowed it to continue to grow rapidly.

AT&T and ITU and others never would have been able to do this with the tech they promoted- we'd all be using 56Kbps modems to call BBSes today if they had won.

>AT&T and ITU and others never would have been able to do this with the tech they promoted- we'd all be using 56Kbps modems to call BBSes today if they had won.

This is such a ridiculous statement I can't tell if it's sarcasm (from the post I guess not - but that's the kind og argument I'd make if I wanted to make a strawman argument on this), extreeme hyperbole or you really beleive it ?

I've studied the history of the internet and have also talked extensively with ppl on both sides of the discussion. At best we'd still be using ISDN which isn't much better than 56kbs

Exactly. The government is the only institution which reliably doles out full-sized grants (free money) for projects with horizons on the order of years. And institutional grants on the order of decades.

You'd be writing this on a typewriter and pinning it to a board with a thumbtack in a town square if it weren't for government research into computer technology and the internet.