tullatulla

* cannot resolve atoms on a surface, in transmission mode (STEM) and with the right sample, as in the article it's another story.

Small correction: Scanning tunneling microscopes can do that. They are basically a very sharp tip scanned across the surface.

Scanning electron microscopes, where a beam of electrons is rastered across the surface can not (yet?) resolve atoms.

I believe you can only make playlists available offline. So, you would have to create a playlist containing that single song and then there should be a download button (didn't test it).

What a nightmare.

160 wafers per hour, not minute.

Still impressive

Well you don't need a bike for walking, so that's gotta count for something (if efficiency is defined as total energy spent per distance)

Well, you would need a template with 8x smaller features than a EUV mask (at least in one direction, 4x in the other). Ebeam lithography can in principle do this, but it's at the resolution limit and the shot noise will mean there will be a lot of defects.

A sufficiently defect free EUV mask can be worth >>1E6$, for a nano imprint template this would be much much more and it's lifetime probably a fraction. That's why nanoimprint litho is no alternative to EUV.

Can also highly recommend the translated version!

What's going on with Figure 1? Caption and legend don't match and bars are stacked? And here I thought Nature has some standards...

Definitely a better choice than paracetamol, which is metabolized by the liver...

Oh yes you are right!

That's apparently part of the first 1MeV TEM. Should be the high voltage source for the electron gun. The electron optics were most likely magnetic, not electrostatic.

There is a whole movie about it:

https://images.cnrs.fr/en/video/1257

Later MeV TEMs looked very different, and are now replaced by aberration corrected tools...

Those have nothing to do with the microscope.

A STM is basically a very sharp needle flying just above the surface and measuring the tunneling current with a few volts applied at most. It's rather small, most space will be taken up by the vacuum chamber and cryostat.

Other electron microscopes (TEM or SEM) cannot resolve molecules / or would fry them with their high voltage/currents...

If you don't mind moving to Germany, check out Carl Zeiss (SMT).

We supply the optics to ASML and also make our own semi equipment directly sold to fabs. Lots of growth and interesting challenges at the cutting edge of physics.

You would really need a free electron laser to produce sufficient photons at the desired wavelength.

The lower the wavelength, the less photons you have at constant power, so shot noise becomes an issue...

Looks like the peak ICU occupation in Germany has clearly passed:

11/04: 2088, 76% on ventilators 10/04(?): 2453, 76% -"-

04/04: 2680, 83% -"- 03/04: 2421, 83% -"- 02/04: 2139, 83% -"- 01/04: 1876, 82% -"-

Can't find data for in between 04/04 and 10/04, since DIVI stopped publishing daily reports apparently, but must have peaked in between.

https://www.intensivregister.de/#/intensivregister https://www.divi.de/images/Dokumente/DIVI-IntensivRegister_T...

Pharmact lateral flow test had zero false positives among 126 negative samples as far as I can see:

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41587-020-00010-2

https://pharmact.eu/

Don't know if this would show immunity though.

The author seems to mix up Gibbs free energy with entropy. The remark that thermal equilibrium equals maximum entropy is simply wrong. All examples can be explained with minimization of the free energy:

dG = dH - TdS

dH == internal energy (chemical bonds) + pV dS == Entropy term T == Temperature

Where entropy is the number of different states the system can be in for a given internal energy. A thermodynamic system in equilibrium will always tend to a state of lowest free energy.

Example: a perfect crystal would be a totally ordered state (and with the lowest entropy), with the internal energy minimized due to the highest number of chemical bonds. For T -> 0, this would be the thermodynamically most stable configuration (however not always kinetically accessible, e.g. supercooled water). As Temperature goes up, the Gibbs free energy of a more disordered phase (e.g. crystal defects or a liquid/gas phase) becomes lower and will eventually lead to the melting of the crystal.

For the oil/water example, the separated state minimizes the free energy since polar water molecules can form hydrogen bonds with themselves (lowering the internal energy), and push out the oil molecules, even though the entropy is lower than for a totally mixed state. At higher temperatures, this will change theoretically and the mixed-phase becomes favorable thermodynamically.

From this point of view, seeing higher entropy as more disorder seems absolutely fine, where more disorder is "lower chance of guessing the exact configuration of all molecules in the system".