Are tax rates really that much higher though? In my state, middle class pays 25% Federal income tax plus 9% state income tax plus 6.2% SSI tax plus 2.9% Medicare tax plus 0.5% transit tax. That's 43.6%.

It's notoriously difficult to calculate effective taxation in the US since it is fragmented across so many jurisdictions (goes hand in hand with the US's incessant attachment to federalism), and because many of the taxes in this cascade can be partly or wholly deducted from superior taxes (e.g. state taxes deducted from federal taxable income).

Nevertheless, you are correct that the aggregate effect is that we pay roughly the same cumulative tax as the average Western European citizen. A little less, to be sure, but we get vanishingly little for it in social benefits, particularly in the catastrophe that is health care. The result is that we have to pay both sides: pay the government, then pay (gargantuan sums!) out of our own pockets for things like tuition and health care.