LVM has been available (and readily selectable as an option on the installers of various distros, including Ubuntu) and supports filesystem snapshots on Linux for a long time. It should be easy to make a tool that makes a snapshot, runs apt-get upgrade and then allows easy rollback, but as far as I know nobody as tied the tools together.

My approach has been to keep my laptop on Sid/Unstable and upgrading at least once per week; nothing major has ever broken on me for the last few years, but I do run a barebones environment.