Seaside (http://www.seaside.st/), the Smalltalk web-application framework, does exactly what you're talking about—each component on the page has its own server-side view-controller, much like if you were using a controls library in a native GUI app.
One should also note that Seaside is likely the direct inspiration for Arc's (i.e. HN's) use of links that reference stored server-side closures by ID.
The free Seaside book and also the free Pharo by Example book are great ways to learn MVC. The only downside is that after using Seaside and a Smalltalk environment, you will probably be dissatisfied with not having such awesome features available in modern tools. :)
Edit: It looks like there is a new Pharo book that covers more advanced topics! http://deepintopharo.com/
https://www.packtpub.com/web-development/ext-js-application-...