"In these areas, community resistance to housing, environmental policies, lack of fiscal incentives for local governments to approve housing, and limited land constrains new housing construction."

In other words: zoning.

I've spoken to both policy wonks and developers. IIRC, a good 70% of our land is zoned residential. Everything else is being redeveloped as fast as possible. The single biggest bottle neck is lack of available land.

Community resistant isn't simply just NIMBY. Methinks there's also self-image. Maybe like an inertia thing. Like the incumbents don't want to become "that kind of city".

Many are super reluctant to upzone residential areas (to permit greater density). And the upzones that do occur, are often via the backdoor, by introducing mass and public transit.

Resistance to redeveloping our South Lake Union area (think Amazon) was huge. A light industrial area with a smattering of hovels. A real dump. The political opposition was impressive. So a former mayor pushed thru a super silly trolley car and got the whole area upzoned. Clever.