2. Well if they don't target asm.js, I'm not sure how relevant they are to our discussion. They're going to get faster as JavaScript engines become more optimized. I tried the Scala.js benchmark, and at 1000x1000 and 1 pixel, it took over 10 seconds to render the scene. I don't know what that means, but it felt slow. I can't find comparisons of Scala/Clojure in JavaScript to Scale/Clojure on the JVM, if you know of some, can you point me there?
PNaCl won't be a standard because of politics. Technologically, it's superior.
3. It "might" run. If you depend on WebGL you can kiss IE support goodbye, for example. Also "run" ought to come with some sort of baseline performance. Let's say you can run Windows XP via Emscripten. Don't you agree that the attendant speed decrease means that, while it may "run", it's not very useful if you can't really use it?
Slower than an asm.js-optimizing browser, faster than idiomatic JS.
2. ASM.js is for low level code, the kind of code that doesn't do garbage collection. As far as high-level languages go, Javascript has pretty good performance, is very flexible and can be used as a target by compilers without necessarily needing ASM.js. Examples of languages that are very different from Javascript, but with compilers targeting Javascript and doing it quite well - http://www.scala-js.org/ ; https://github.com/clojure/clojurescript
I personally do not get why developers would want PNaCl, as PNaCl will never be a standard, for the same reason SQLite never made it as a standard storage in HTML5 either. If you want anything other than what the browser standards are capable of, then you're free to go native - because here we can have a discussion about why the browser as a platform has gotten so ubiquitous in the first place ;-)
3. You're mistaken - Asm.js compiled code can run even in browsers that do not have special support for Asm.js. Yes, that code will be slower, less efficient, but it still runs. Also, what limitations does Asm.js has that prevent it from being implemented on all platforms?