This is done during flight test of prototype aircraft (and probably spacecraft as well to some extent, I haven't done that) - the data acquisition system on a flight test plane is incredibly advanced, and the data gets beamed down in realtime to a group of (real) engineers on the ground in the flight test station who analyze the data and communicate back and forth to the pilots again in real time. All in real time, the test pilots will decide what/how maneuvers to do based on learnings captured/analyzed, change the configuration of the aircraft systems/surfaces, intentionally induce failure conditions and faults, ... It's a real ballet between the engineers on the ground and the pilots, when the team is working well together. As you said, post-event debriefing, detailed analysis, recommendations/reports, aircraft changes etc are started immediately when the aircraft lands, to prepare for the next flight. It's very intense, but also very rewarding and a lot of fun.