-30: Avoid going outside, if you do don't leave any exposed skin
-20: A cold winter day: toque, scarf, mittens, winter coat and boots are must have
-10: An average winter day: same load-out as above, but you'll be more comfortable
0: A mild winter day: snow possible, you may leave your winter jacket open, or skip the scarf
10: Early spring or late fall: you might be able to get away with a light jacket, but I'd leave that until 15
15: Long pants and light jacket
20: Leave the jacket home, maybe wear shorts or a t-shirt
25: Comfortable summer weather: shorts and t-shirt
30: Annoyingly hot summer weather, good for swimming
35 or higher: hole up somewhere with AC
<10: Bloody cold, avoid going outside if possible. Rug up if you do.
15: Winter. Probably rain and wind.
20: Cool Autumn / Spring, you might need a jumper outside.
25: Vaguely warmish, t-shirt weather.
30: Getting warm, wear shorts and t-shirt.
35: Beach weather, avoid going outside for too long if you're in office attire and don't want sweat patches.
40+: Hot beach weather, stay out of the sun (or in the water) in the middle of the day.
Here in Melbourne we'll have several 40-degree days each summer, and the only large city with more that I'm aware of is Phoenix. There are heaps of large cities that are warmer in general, but they don't peak quite as high. Record is 46.2, set a few years ago. Not a pleasant day, especially since it was after a few similar days...
I’ve lived in both the low and highlands of Papua New Guinea and they have two types of weather: dry and wet. In the lowlands you do not go outside without wearing a hat as the sun will actively try and kill you. When a PNG friend visited us in Melbourne, it was a 30°C day, we were in shorts and t-shirts, he was in jeans and wearing a parka to keep warm.
After a cold winter 0C even -10C feels warm especially if there isn't any wind.
I don't know anyone who zips up their jacket unless it's -15C or -10C and windy.
It's the wind that gets you, -20C is nothing if there isn't any wind.
But really it also depends a lot on perspective since 10C in the spring feels very warm but 10C in the fall feels very cold. Maybe a lot of the descriptions depend on year round average temperatures, I can image people in southern California with a smaller temperature range would not feel as much of a difference as a Canadian would.
-20: Inside a food freezer.
-10: Ski trousers weather. Doesn't happen where I live.
-5: There'll be snow, or at least frost. Hat & gloves weather. Happens one or two days a year.
0: Freezing, usefully. Full-length coat.
5: Pretty cold - not unusual for a winter day. Fridge temperature. Don't forget your jacket.
10: A warmer winter day, or typical early spring.
15: Spring/Autumn; temperature where I'd stop bothering with a jacket.
20: "room temperature" for science (though many actual rooms are a degree or two higher than this). Comfortable.
25: A sunny summer's day. Pleasantly warm.
30: Starting to get towards uncomfortably hot. Notwithstanding this year, I'd only expect a few days this warm in a year.
35: Doesn't happen where I live. You want to be in the pool or somewhere with AC when it's this hot.
40: On a person, serious fever.
60-70: Nice for a sauna. Warm drink (e.g. tea)