No, Apple doesn't want their devices to feel slow. For example, my iPad 3 doesn't gaussian blur UI backgrounds. If Apple was nefarious as you're suggesting, they would force my iPad to render the expensive blurs.
Also, you can disable animation "gimmicks" (whose purpose is to orient and mask loading): http://www.iclarified.com/35637/how-to-disable-the-animation...
Apple can continue to behave this way specifically because only Apple makes hardware that runs Apple software. If they opened up to third parties and someone created a computationally weaker but aesthetically preferable device that ran their software they'd be in trouble.
At the end of the day the latest phones need to keep up with competitors and added features and resimplified experiences that are more costly to implement cannot be avoided. The only way to really avoid it is disallowing older phones to upgrade - which is far less desirable IMO.