> If you consider it a GC then it's the fastest GC. It's also deterministic and does not pause.

No, it's not, not unless you use a lot of cleverness. "We find that an existing modern implementation of reference counting has an average 30% overhead compared to tracing…" (They did perform a lot of optimizations to get it up to speed with tracing garbage collection... however, these are far beyond what shared_ptr does.)

http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~steveb/downloads/pdf/rc-ismm-2...

I'm a bit skeptical of the results of that paper without the seeing the source code and in what contexts they are performing the comparison. One can always find situations where one scheme is faster than the other but I'm not totally sure if micro benchmarks are representative of the real world. In long-lived servers, ref-counting can be preferable because it avoids random pauses. Maybe it's a latency vs throughput performance dichotomy. But yeah, thanks for posting that.

Reference counting doubles the number of memory access - you have to update the reference and the counter every time. That is a big performance hit. Reference counting may randomly halt your code, too, because you never know when you hit zero and the resource gets freed.

And you don't know how many resources will be freed when you drop the last pointer to that giant tree structure.

Of course, you could queue up and lazily delete the resources, but then you're back to nondeterministic behavior.

Two extra memory accesses plus whatever overhead for you have for locking if you are multi-threaded? That's pretty much the opposite of fast.

With refcounting you have:

  - Slow memory allocations (need to manage a fragmented heap)
  - Slow accesses and pointer handovers (updates to the refcounter)
  - Slow free (need to manage the free list)
  - No asynchronous pauses (since there is no garbage collector)

With a GC, you get:

  - Fast allocations (usually just an "add" instruction since the heap is not fragmented)
  - Zero cost accesses and pointer handovers
  - Zero cost free (just stop using the pointer)
  - Some asynchronous pauses and CPU usage while running the GC

It turns out that the cost of the first three points when using refcounting are much higher than that of the GC. Another reply to your post included references to actual research on this subject.