[1] http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5322#page-25
EDIT: fixed typo
Also, the "mark thread as read" feature in mutt (^R) is a life saver when sorting through dozens of discussions.
But ultimately I can't; I don't need pretty colors or graphical tricks. I do need something which understands that it's not 1975 anymore. My mail no longer lives in a local spool file, and there is no longer a local sendmail. I have multiple email addresses, which use IMAP, and remote SMTP.
And none of the console clients -- including Mutt -- can really do that. Every couple years I try Mutt again, and try whatever the current crop of attempted successors are, and get thrown right back into 1975 again and give up in frustration.
(and Mutt, last I checked, actually considers it both a feature and a point of philosophical purity/pride to refuse to acknowledge the fact that anything other than "shell out to local sendmail" exists. Also, IMAP was unbearably slow, usually requiring a full re-fetch/re-index of the entire remote inbox, potentially hundreds of thousands of messages, every time Mutt started up, and multiple IMAP accounts were an unholy mess)
http://people.spodhuis.org/phil.pennock/software/mutt-patche...
Still, I like Mail.app better, since it supports multiple accounts well and has excellent search.
https://github.com/kazu-yamamoto/Mew http://www.mew.org/en/info/release/
* Maildir only. * Shell out to sendmail.
I do enjoy scripting though; for example viewing all unread messages regardless of folder, or marking messages as read based on regexps.
All my emails get into my Inbox (except for bugzilla stuff). I go through my Inbox several times a day, and as I read messages, I press 'o', 'n', 'e', or 'a' to send the message in one of the four folders I mostly use. For the rest, I sort it manually using the 's' key. This way, my Inbox is always empty. Or if it's not, I know it's a message I need to get back to later on. There's usually no more than a handful of those.
Granted, you can do that with any mail client. But mutt is particularly well suited for the job.
Interesting fact is that, among three clients we tested, only mutt faithfully implemented the standard. It honestly grouped all messages referenced to the same ID into the same parent, despite subject or sending time. However, neither Gmail or Outlook respects the "References" field.
In Gmail, it seems subject of the message plus [one of <time of message sent> and <References>] are used for grouping. But it certainly doesn't exclusively rely on "References" since we got messages referenced to same parent message grouped into different conversations.
In Outlook, "References" field is ignored completely. It only relies on subject of messages. We got messages for different "event" from more than 10 days from each other, grouped into same conversation.