For anyone interested, a few weeks ago, someone posted a paper on the popular data mining / machine learning algorithms that gives a brief overview of some common algorithms [1]. Someone also posted a few presentations on them if you just want a bullet point summary of the gist of each algorithm [2].

I just finished looking through both. They're both great if you're hoping to get some traction when it comes to learning ML.

[1] - https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=4938162

[2] - http://www.cis.hut.fi/Opinnot/T-61.6020/2008/