Vaccines can be singled out as a specific type of prophylaxis.

The distinction is that a vaccine will train your immune system to actively destroy the foreign body, while a prophylactics might just prevent it from spreading or taking hold to begin with.

I have no idea what you're trying to say. An antiviral drug will destroy the pathogen just as much as the body would; that's how it prevents the disease from manifesting. What do you think would otherwise happen to HIV particles in your bloodstream? They just hang in there until the antiviral effects run out?

The difference is that your body doesn’t make antiviral drugs. It does make antibodies after it has been trained to do so with a vaccine.