Yes, there are quite many real-world cases of this architecure. But, wouldn't it be better it the same language (more or less) can be used for both? I don't think such a language exists currently, but I think it would be a nice goal.

Oxcaml, of course.

Interesting, I was not aware of OxCaml. (If this is what you mean.) It does seem to tick a few boxes actually. For my taste, the syntax is not as concise / clean as Python, and for me, it is "too functional". It shares with Python (and many high-level languages) the tracing garbage collection, but maybe that is the price to pay for an easy-to-use memory safe language.

In my view, a "better" language would be a simple language as concise as Python, but fully typed (via type inference); memory safe, but without the need of tracing GC. I think memory management should be a mix of Swift and Rust (that is, a mix of reference counting and single ownership with borrowing, where need for speed).

What would be the point of the second language if it was basically the same language as the first?

In general you want a solid engineering language with a focus on correctness, and a second "scripting" language focusing on quick development.

Second if the languages are very similar but not the same it seems like you would see "confusion" errors where people accidently use lang 1 in lang 2's context or vice versa.

Common Lisp

The most interesting pairing I've been thinking about is Rust + RustPython

It's a full python interpreter implemented in Rust. Python has many advantages as a scripting language but the problem is you inherit all the packaging and deployment challenges unlike with Lua for example