How do they do that if you are incapable of giving them a valid authentication code?

I don’t use Google but at least in the Apple world you also get a fairly different prompt for enrolling a new iCloud Keychain device than simply logging in. Obviously that’s not perfect but there is a good argument for not getting people accustomed to hitting okay for both high and low impact challenges using the same prompt.

But they can't hack your Google or iCloud account if it's secured with a passkey, unless they have some other non-phishing means of doing so, which the attacker in this story presumably did not.

I had to reset the 2FA for a domain admin account for Google Apps earlier this year — I'm not sure if my password manager somehow lost the passkey, or if I missed creating one before some deadline. (It's a little-used domain.)

I think I requested the reset with various details, then had to wait 24 hours before continuing.

I feel like a lot of things would benefit from that time delay and, perhaps, an in person check like the notary ID verification AWS used to use.

About a decade ago I had suggested to Google at an identity forum that they embrace a local government/organization model for their hard-landing account recovery process (since it can ultimately devolve to an ID check) by having a mechanism where you can start the account reset process and get something which could be taken to a third party to approve after they do an ID check. As people increasingly depend on things like email accounts for everything there are a constant stream of people who will lose access to their phones but could easily visit a notary, library, DMV, police station, etc. and pass a check against a pre-registered government ID.