According to the bench its closer to Opus, but I venture primarily for English and Chinese.

how do you low cost run a 1T param model?

32B active parameters with a single shared expert.

This doesn’t change the VRAM usage, only the compute requirements.

It does not have to be VRAM, it could be system RAM, or weights streamed from SSD storage. Reportedly, the latter method achieves around 1 token per second on computers with 64 GB of system RAM.

R1 (and K2) is MoE, whereas Llama 3 is a dense model family. MoE actually makes these models practical to run on cheaper hardware. DeepSeek R1 is more comfortable for me than Llama 3 70B for exactly that reason - if it spills out of the GPU, you take a large performance hit.

If you need to spill into CPU inference, you really want to be multiplying a different set of 32B weights for every token compared to the same 70B (or more) instead, simply because the computation takes so long.

The amount of people who will be using it at 1 token/sec because there's no better option, and have 64 GB of RAM, is vanishingly small.

IMHO it sets the local LLM community when we lean on extreme quantization & streaming weights from disk to say something is possible*, because when people try it out, it turns out it's an awful experience.

* the implication being, anything is possible in that scenario

agentic loop can run all night long. It's just a different way to work: prepare your prompt queue, set it up, check result in the morning, adjust. 'local vibe' in 10h instead of 10mn is still better than 10 days of manual side coding.

Right on! Especially if its coding abilities are better than Claude 4 Opus. I spent thousands on my PC in anticipation of this rather than to play fancy video games.

Now, where's that spare SSD...

Good. Vanishingly small is still more than zero. Over time, running such models will become easier too, as people slowly upgrade to better hardware. It's not like there aren't options for the compute-constrained either. There are lots of Chinese models in the 3-32B range, and Gemma 3 is particularly good too.

I will also point out that having three API-based providers deploying an impractically-large open-weights model beats the pants of having just one. Back in the day, this was called second-sourcing IIRC. With proprietary models, you're at the mercy of one corporation and their Kafkaesque ToS enforcement.

You said "Good." then wrote a nice stirring polemic about how having a bad experience with a 1T model will force people to try 4B/32B models.

That seems separate from the post it was replying to, about 1T param models.

If it is intended to be a reply, it hand waves about how having a bad experience with it will teach them to buy more expensive hardware.

Is that "Good."?

The post points out that if people are taught they need an expensive computer to get 1 token/second, much less try it and find out it's a horrible experience (let's talk about prefill), it will turn them off against local LLMs unnecessarily.

Is that "Good."?

Had you posted this comment in the early 90s about linux instead of local models, it would have made about the same amount of sense but aged just as poorly as this comment will.

I'll remain here happily using 2.something tokens / second model.

But local aka desktop Linux is still an awful experience for most people. I use Arch btw

I'd rather use Arch over a genuine VT100 than touch Windows 11, so the analogy remains valid - at least you have a choice at all, even if you are in a niche of a niche.

You can probably run this on CPU if you have a 4090D for prompt processing, since 1TB of DDR4 only comes out to around $600.

For GPU inference at scale, I think token-level batching is used.

Typically a combination of expert level parallelism and tensor level parallelism is used.

For the big MLP tensors they would be split across GPUs in a cluster. Then for the MoE parts you would spread the experts across the GPUs and route to them based on which experts are active (there would likely be more than one if the batch size is > 1).

With 32B active parameters it would be ridiculously slow at generation.

DDR3 workstation here - R1 generates at 1 token per second. In practice, this means that for complex queries, the speed of replying is closer to an email response than a chat message, but this is acceptable to me for confidential queries or queries where I need the model to be steerable. I can always hit the R1 API from a provider instead, if I want to.

Given that R1 uses 37B active parameters (compared to 32B for K2), K2 should be slightly faster than that - around 1.15 tokens/second.

That's pretty good. Are you running the real 600B+ parameter R1, or a distill, though?

The full thing, 671B. It loses some intelligence at 1.5 bit quantisation, but it's acceptable. I could actually go for around 3 bits if I max out my RAM, but I haven't done that yet.

I've seen people say the models get more erratic at higher (lower?) quantization levels. What's your experience been?

If you mean clearly, noticeably erratic or incoherent behaviour, then that hasn't been my experience for >=4-bit inference of 32B models, or in my R1 setup. I think the others might have been referring to this happening with smaller models (sub-24B), which suffer much more after being quantised below 4 or 5 bits.

My R1 most likely isn't as smart as the output coming from an int8 or FP16 API, but that's just a given. It still holds up pretty well for what I did try.

Here's a neat looking project that allows for using other models with Claude Code: https://github.com/musistudio/claude-code-router

I found that while looking for reports of the best agents to use with K2. The usual suspects like Cline and forks, Aider, and Zed should be interesting to test with K2 as well.