The doomer utilitarian arguments often seem to involve some sort of infinity or really large numbers (much like EAs) which result in various kinds of philosophical mugging.
In particular, the doomer plans invariably result in some need for draconian centralised control. Some kind of body or system that can tell everyone what to do with (of course) doomers in charge.
“If X, then surely Y will follow! It’s a slippery slope! We can’t allow X!”
They call out the name of the fallacy they are committing BY NAME and think that it somehow supports their conclusion?
Rationalists, mostly self-identified.
> how can they estimate the probability of a future event based on zero priors and a total lack of scientific evidence?
As best as they can, because at the end of the day you still need to make decisions (You can of course choose to do nothing and ignore the risk, but that's not a safe, neutral option). Which means either you treat it as if it had a particular probability, or you waste money and effort doing things in a less effective way. It's like preparing for global warming or floods or hurricanes or what have you - yes, the error bars are wide, but at the end of the day you take the best estimate you can and get on with it, because anything else is worse.
Which is to say that you've made an estimate that the probability is, IDK, <5%, <1%, or some such.