If you really want to waste time on types, the bolted-on TS is never going to work as well as Golang where they're native. Maybe TS types are better than Python types is all.
Golang's type system is not as expressive as TypeScript's.
It's fine to not know about the goods in the TypeScript ecosystem.
Again, I recommend you checking libraries like effect-ts or effect/schema or even better trying them.
To be honest, I don't like the look of Effect for the same reason I don't like error handling in Golang. It's easier to assume anything can fail (which is 99% correct) and use exceptions. But anyway, every language can be extended in many ways, so I can really only compare default vs default.
By the way you can be extremely strict and safe in typescript, it's really up to the team using it, but you can encode virtually everything and have it fully type safe.
Also, there's great tools like effect-ts if you're more functionally leaning.