IMHO, with the exception of games[0] and such, Android handles phone-tablet scaling much better than iOS does: the UI properly fills the screen, text isn't pixelated, and you aren't forced into a phone-size keyboard that doesn't even reach the screen edge.
[0] games are typically very specific wrt resolution, this isn't a tablet problem as much as an Android problem thanks to the wide variance in screen aspects.
iOS has none of the problems you mentioned, so what exactly makes Android better than iOS in that regard?
on a N7: https://www.dropbox.com/s/vhy3ucrsmvtui76/Screenshot_2012-07...
and on an iPad 3: https://www.dropbox.com/s/gao416zu3ltikra/Photo%20Jul%2021%2...
(Silly example btw, who would use Foursquare on a 10" tablet?)
Similarly, an UI design that works great on a phone (like with gestures from the side) might feel awkward on tablets.
[0]: http://www4.pcmag.com/media/images/285099-twitter-for-androi...
The point is that a scaled up android app will usually look a lot better than a scaled up iphone app.
Part of this is the laisez-faire attitude of developers towards design and completeness, and part of this is making applications that work properly on the myriad of Android devices is very hard.