https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42505496
The margins might be describable as razor thin, but they are there. Whether it can recoup the R&D that they spent designing it is hard to say definitively since I do not have numbers for their R&D costs. However, their iGPUs share the same IP blocks, so the iGPUs should be able to recoup the R&D costs that they have in common with the discrete version. Presumably, Intel can recoup the costs specific to the discrete version if they sell enough discrete cards.
While this is not a great picture, it is not terrible either. As long as Intel keeps improving its graphics technology with each generation, profitability should gradually improve. Although I have no insider knowledge, I noticed a few things that they could change to improve their profitability in the next generation:
* Tom Petersen made a big deal about 16-lane SIMD in Battlemage being what games want rather than the 8-lane SIMD in Alchemist. However, that is not quite true since both Nvidia and AMD graphics use 32-lane SIMD. If the number of lanes really matter and I certainly can see how it would if game shaders have horizontal operations, then a switch to 32-lane SIMD should yield further improvements.
* Tom Petersen said in his interview with Hardware Unboxed that Intel reported the active transistor count for the B580 rather than the total transistor count. This is the contrary to others who report the total transistor count (as evidenced by their density figures being close to what TSMC claims the process can do). Tom Petersen also stated that they would not necessarily be forced by defects to turn dies into B570 cards. This suggests to me that they have substantial redundant logic in the GPU to prevent defects from rendering chips unusable, and that logic is intended to be disabled in production. GPUs are already highly redundant. They could drop much of the planned dark silicon and let defects force a larger percentage of the dies to be usable by only cutdown models.
Also, they really do have >40% dark silicon when doing density comparisons:
* ARC B580: 72.1M / mm²
* Nvidia 4070 Ti: 121.8M / mm²
* TSMC claim for 5nm: 138.2M / mm²
Note that we can rule out the cache lowering the density. The L1 + L2 cache on the 4070 Ti is 79872 KB while it is 59392 KB on the B580. We can also rule out IO logic as lowering the density, as the 4070 Ti has a 256-bit memory bus while the B580 has a 192-bit memory bus.
https://www.techpowerup.com/gpu-specs/arc-b580.c4244
https://www.techpowerup.com/gpu-specs/geforce-rtx-4070-ti.c3...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_nm_process#Nodes
The hardware unboxed interview of Tom Petersen is here:
Where? The only mention I see in that interview is him briefly saying they have native 16 with "simple emulation" for 32 because some games want 32. I see no mention of or comparison to 8.
And it doesn't make sense to me that switching to actual 32 would be an improvement. Wider means less flexible here. I'd say a more accurate framing is whether the control circuitry is 1/8 or 1/16 or 1/32. Faking extra width is the part that is useful and also pretty easy.
Tom Petersen did a bunch of interviews right before the Intel B580 launch. In the hardware unboxed interview, he mentioned it, but accidentally misspoke. I must have interpreted his misspeak as meaning games want SIMD16 and noted it that way in my mind, as what he says elsewhere seems to suggest that games want SIMD16. It was only after thinking about what I heard that I realized otherwise. Here is an interview where he talks about native SIMD16 being better:
https://www.youtube.com/live/z7mjKeck7k0?t=35m38s
In specific, he says:
> But we also have native SIMD support—SIMD16 native support, which is going to say that you don’t have to like recode your computer shader to match a particular topology. You can use the one that you use for everyone else, and it’ll just run well on ARC. So I’m pretty exited about that.
In an interview with gamers nexus, he has a nice slide where he attributes a performance gain directly to SIMD16:
https://youtu.be/ACOlBthEFUw?t=16m35s
At the start of the gamers nexus video, Steve mentions that Tom‘s slides are from a presentation. I vaguely remember seeing a video of it where he talked more about SIMD16 being an improvement, but I am having trouble finding it.
Having to schedule fewer things is a definite benefit of 32 lanes over a smaller lane count. Interestingly, AMD switched from a 16 lane count to a 32 lane count with RDNA, and RDNA turned out to be a huge improvement in efficiency. The switch is actually somewhat weird since they had been emulating SIMD64 using their SIMD16 hardware, so the hardware simultaneously became wider and narrower at the same time. Their emulation of SIMD64 in SIMD16 is mentioned in this old GCN documentation describing cross lane operations:
https://gpuopen.com/learn/amd-gcn-assembly-cross-lane-operat...
That documentation talks about writing to a temporary location and reading form a temporary location in order to do cross lane operations. Contrast this with 12.5.1 of RDNA 3 ISA documentation, where the native SIMD32 units just fetch the values from each others’ registers with no mention of a temporary location:
https://www.amd.com/content/dam/amd/en/documents/radeon-tech...
That strikes me as much more efficient. While I do not write shaders, I have written CUDA kernels and in CUDA kernels, you sometimes need to do what Nvidia calls a parallel reduction across lanes, which are cross lane operations (Intel’s CPU division calls these horizontal operations). For example, you might need to sum across all lanes (e.g. for an average, matrix vector multiplication or dot product). When your thread count matches the SIMD lane count, you can do this without going to shared memory, which is fast. If you need to emulate a higher lane width, you need to use a temporary storage location (like what AMD described), which is not as fast.
If games’ shaders are written with an assumption that SIMD32 is used, then native SIMD32 is going to be more performant than native SIMD16 because of faster cross lane operations. Intel’s slide attributes a 0.3ms reduction in render time to their switch from SIMD8 to SIMD16. I suspect that they would see a further reduction with SIMD32 since that would eliminate the need to emulate SIMD32 for games that expect SIMD32 due to Nvidia (since as late as Turing) and AMD (since RDNA 1) both using SIMD32.
To illustrate this, here are some CUDA kernels that I wrote:
https://github.com/ryao/llama3.c/blob/master/rung.cu#L15
The softmax kernel for example has the hardware emulate SIMD1024, although you would need to look at the kernel invocations in the corresponding rung.c file to know that. The purpose of doing 1024 threads is to ensure that the kernel is memory bandwidth bound since the hardware bottleneck for this operation should be memory bandwidth. In order to efficiently do the parallel reductions to calculate the max and sum values in different parts of softmax, I use the fast SIMD32 reduction in every SIMD32 unit. I then write the results to shared memory from each of the 32 SIMD32 units that performed this (since 32 * 32 = 1024). I then have all 32x SIMD32 units read from shared memory and simultaneously do the same reduction to calculate the final value. Afterward, the leader in each unit tells all others the value and everything continues. Now imagine having a compiler compile this for a native SIMD16. A native approach would introduce a trip to shared memory for both reductions, giving us 3 trips to shared memory and 4 reductions. A more clever approach would do 2 trips to shared memory and 3 reductions. Either way, SIMD16 is less efficient. The smart thing to do would be to recognize that 256 threads is likely okay too and just do the same exact thing with a smaller number of threads, but a compiler is not expected to be able to make such a high level optimization, especially since the higher level API says “use 1024 threads”. Thus you need the developer to rewrite this for SIMD16 hardware to get it to run at full speed and with Intel’s low marketshare, that is not very likely to happen.
From a hardware design perspective, it saves you some die size in the scheduler.
From a performance perspective, as long as the hardware designer kept 32 in mind, it can schedule 32 lanes and duplicate the signals to the 16 or 8 wide lanes with no loss of performance.
> That documentation talks about writing to a temporary location and reading form a temporary location in order to do cross lane operations.
> If games’ shaders are written with an assumption that SIMD32 is used, then native SIMD32 is going to be more performant than native SIMD16 because of faster cross lane operations.
So this is a situation where wider lanes actually need more hardware to run at full speed and not having it causes a penalty. I see your point here, but I will note that you can add that criss-cross hardware for 32-wide operations while still having 16-wide be your default.
I was looking at the things that were said for XE2 in Lunar Lake and it appears that the slides suggest that they had special handling to emulate SIMD32 using SIMD16 in hardware, so you might be right.
> So this is a situation where wider lanes actually need more hardware to run at full speed and not having it causes a penalty. I see your point here, but I will note that you can add that criss-cross hardware for 32-wide operations while still having 16-wide be your default.
To go from SIMD8 to SIMD16, Intel halved the number of units while making them double the width. They could have done that again to avoid the need for additional hardware.
I have not seen the Xe2 instruction set to have any hints about how they are doing these operations in their hardware. I am going to leave it at that since I have spent far too much time analyzing the technical marketing for a GPU architecture that I am not likely to use. No matter how well they made it, it just was not scaled up enough to make it interesting to me as a developer that owns a RTX 3090 Ti. I only looked into it as much as I did since I am excited to see Intel moving forward here. That said, if they launched a 48GB variant, I would buy it in a heartbeat and start writing code to run on it.