Now, imagine you enslave one of those groups for ~400 years, prevent them from voting or getting an equal education for another ~100+. Might differences emerge in how society treats that population?

Yes. Do you agree that my point is also correct? Different groups want different things, and have different demographics, and excel in different areas.

If we defined the "groups" in a less historically informed way, we'd still have differences.

> Different groups want different things, and have different demographics, and excel in different areas.

I think it's very easy to overstate how much those things are genuine differences in preference/ability. Allowing no-fault divorce dropped female suicide rates by 20%; were they happy in those marriages, or enduring them? Would they choose differently if offered the same opportunity?

Wasn't there also research showing that when women's financial independence improved, divorce rates went up? I wish I could find that source again.

Do you think people with Green eyes are more or less compensated than people with blue eyes?

Eye color, unlike Race or Gender, is pretty evenly distributed over the obvious confounding variables like "Age" or "Preference of staying home with children". I'd expect it to be +/- 10%, though probably not "equal" enough to keep "disparate impact" folks from calling it out.