I haven't been active in Emacs world for a couple of years, but https://github.com/magnars/expand-region.el has been there for a while. I think the new code is right in lsp-mode and called lsp-extend-selection.

VSCode has "Expand Selection".

Mathematica has ctrl-. (http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/syntax_tree_walk.html)

Zed has "select enclosing symbol" but that seems to jump to function level expansion immediately, I didn't see anything more gradual there.