There were coding competition benchmarks at the time putting javac against the underdeveloped gcc 2.95 of the time. The trick they did with java programs was to allocate a region of memory only once and reuse that whenever they needed more, simulating a stack. Then the programs were benchmarked as hot start and cold start. Hot start timings were used to bench against C++ programs. If the algorithm they used was better, this sometimes resulted in head to head or better performance.