"Doomed" in common parlance doesn't mean judgment has been passed; it just means that our unhappy future has become certain. "Damned" does mean that judgement has been passed - is that what you meant?

Common parlance is wrong a lot of times. Doomed means exactly that judgement has been passed, which means that something has become certain to happen. By God, by providence or by the laws of nature, whatever you wish to call it.

Yes but that doesn't mean it's necessarily prophetic perfect tense. It might be the case that the doom-ing occurred yesterday, and today we are just awaiting the doom that will arrive tomorrow.

more commonly rendered as "we're fucked" or, when the interlocutor is lucky, "you're fucked".

I was going to argue that's due to the definition of "doom", but actually this works with all sorts of other similar phrasing, so I find myself agreeing with you:

"We're dead"

"We're fucked"

"We're rich!"