Exploitation of a knowledge gap and existing market constraints.

If all you can think of are services, maybe. But the people that make things don’t agree.

“Market failure”, “Market gap”

no more than engineering is fundamentally beholden to imperfect science.

We ship fruit from Argentina where it is grown, to Thailand to be packaged, to the United States to be consumed.

While it may be efficient from the perspective of a spreadsheet, its inefficient due to the external costs, ie pollution from shipping, the delicate nature of just-in-time shipments, etc.

Your fruit cup might cost a bit more if it was to be done all in one place, but I would call that a cost for a less fragile system.