A quantum computer takes advantage of quantum indeterminism. In a classical computer bit is 0 or 1. In a quantum computer, a bit can be indeterminate.
If you have multiple bits, a classical computer is in one combination. A quantum computer can be indeterminate between a set of states chosen out of the set of possible patterns. Thus 250 qubits can be indeterminate between some subset of 2^250 possible states.
The downside is that when we input the start of the computer, we start in one state. When we measure we see one state. And quantum computing has to go by the logic of quantum computing. For instance this means all logic has to be reversible. Thus there is no "if A or B then C" because if you wind up at C you can't get back to your original state.
So for practical purposes a 250 qubit computer can start with 250 bits of data, ends up with 250 bits of data, and in the middle does an unbelievably parallel computation.
The statement about performing logic on all that data in parallel is misleading, at best.
That does mean that the result you get from the calculation can be nothing more than the classical equivalent, but the amount of inputs to that result, and the resultant enormous explosion of processing you can do on it (each operation yielding potentially exponential growth in evaluated possibilities), is dependent on other factors.
I was thinking of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_variable_theory and that those could be properties of particles skewed into extra dimensions.
This is way over my math and physics skill, but it's still very fascinating.
Anyway, that's not quite true, you can get there by giving up principle of locality or counterfactual definiteness. And in theory nothing requires the principle of locality to be true.
In reality, what the author meant was "contains," which means you have a bunch of different bits with multiple simultaneous values (I believe this is distinct values in many different dimensions, but please correct me if I'm wrong), and the number of possible combinations of those values (since the combinations all exist "at once") can be more than the number of atoms in the universe. Hope that makes sense.
Now, how on earth do you find or restructure problems to solve appropriate for such immense parallism?
If this is correct, does this really imply that there are more dimensions than the 4 we are aware of?
Shouldn't the calculations then be seen in other those extra-dimensions as well? (Thinking that this could be used to detect extra dimensional life and perhaps communication with them)
Or does it simply mean that matter has more states than there are particles in the universe? :-/