https://www.growingblue.com/septic-or-sewer/#:~:text=Septics....
They're generally sanitary (when maintained) and are a whole septic system. And are attached to flush toilets.
That's massively different than raw sewage making it to streams and rivers.
However none of this really matters because the point is that many rural Russians lack access to water and proper sewage (apparently as laid out in the above previous links). So politely you're wrong. Have a good day.
I really doubt about 1/5 but yes, sure, some parts of Tula look like this: https://st05.realtymag.ru/1911/2023-03-31/0/2101217236877371... basically a village with no connection to Tula's centralized sewage system.
>From a public health standpoint, human waste reaching rivers tend not to be good.
It doesn't in most cases. It goes into a hole. By the time it reaches river via ground waters there is literally no problem.
From the first link in my previous comment.
Just bringing data to whether or not Russia is well equipped with flush toilets (or really more the point public sanitation).
From a public health standpoint, human waste reaching rivers tend not to be good.
"Untreated human sewage teems with salmonella, hepatitis, dysentery, cryptosporidium, and many other infectious diseases."
https://www.americanrivers.org/threats-solutions/clean-water...