What I could absolutely do is sit down and write a long reply about why I think the comment missed the mark, and how it could improve. I have done this in the past too. The problem here is that doing so is a lot of work. My thought process is that most of the people who are posting like this know that they're just posting low quality stuff, and if there's an easy reminder to stop doing that, they will. If they happen to reply with "no, I'm serious, here's why…" then there's no harm done; otherwise it signals (to other people too) that we're looking for something better than that.
Downvoting a bad comment is fine. Not posting is fine. If you want to neutrally let someone know that their comment isn't substantive enough for a good HN post, that's ok as long as you're careful how you do it. Dropping an insult on them is never helpful.
Re "allowing them to proliferate", the solution for that is flagging. (In case anyone doesn't know: to flag a comment, click on its timestamp to go to its page, then click the 'flag' link at the top. There's a small karma threshold before flag links appear.) And downvoting, of course (the karma threshold for that is higher). If the comment was bad enough to respond the way you did, why didn't you downvote and/or flag it?