I've found that random stuttering is often an indication of a drive about to go bad, especially if you have a spinning drive attached.

That said, I saw a lot of fan curve, temp issues in the later Intel macbooks... I had a $4000 macbook pro i9 that was effectively unusable with background services or Docker containers running at all.

Amd is developing a new governor (amd_pstate) for their cpu, you may have better luck with it ? On my laptop it works well and helped reduce the number of spikes. It requires a recent cpu and kernel though.

Here the Archlinux wiki: https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/CPU_frequency_scaling