The wikipedia page on causality is a good place to start for a clear overview, specifically the section on causality as a physical concept: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality_(physics)

As the wikipedia article touches on, there's not an agreed global definition and it can be used differently in multiple contexts (hence why it's important to be specific).

This stack exchange answer gives a good list of terminology: https://physics.stackexchange.com/a/34675

And this article puts a far more technical description on terms: https://www.mprl-series.mpg.de/media/proceedings/3/9/Proc3ch...