I think the implied comparison was: do we launch panels to the moon or build them in-situ? The increased solar exposure should boost both of these cases by the same percentage, but if the Earth-manufactured panel is (e.g.) 3x as efficient, it might still make more sense to ship them.

Yep, you get about 36% more sun above the atmosphere. 1361 W/m^2 above the atmosphere vs ~1000 W/m^2 on a clear day [0].

Now you just need to bring big enough batteries to survive 14 days in a row with no sun.

[0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance#Irradiance_on...

Considering the fact that you have the entire moon as available surface, you'd rather lift a giant rock with that power and store all the potential gravitational energy as a "battery".

A 10 ton rock, lifted up to 50m high, will store up to 810M Joules at moon gravity

Unfortunately I think you're off by an order of magnitude. I think it would be 810 Kilojoules, which is approximately equivalent to a 1kg lithium-ion battery. Of course, you could move thousands of rocks up and down a big crater, rather than just one, but it would still be a lot of infrastructure for a fairly small amount of energy storage.

Three orders of magnitude*

>A 10 ton rock, lifted up to 50m high, will store up to 810M Joules at moon gravity

Wrong prefix? I think you meant 810K Joules.

For Earth gravity: 10,000 kg times 9.8 m/s^2 times 50 m = 4.9 megajoules, 1.36 kilowatthours. (Anker sells a 2.04 KWh battery pack for US$1999: https://www.anker.com/products/a1780)

Again, that's for Earth gravity. Lunar gravity: 10,000 kg times 1.62 m/s^2 times 50 m = 0.81 megajoules, 0.225 kilowatthours.

Gravity storage isn't economical on Earth, and it's really not economical on the Moon, where gravity is lighter.

No need for reliance on batteries. Just use the solar generated to process regolith yielding plenty of hydrogen and oxygen for energy storage, breathing, rocket fuel and additional component elements.

I think you might find places relatively close each other in the moon polar areas that are in aggregate illuminated most if not all the time.

https://space.stackexchange.com/questions/34025/moon-polar-d...

Wouldn't it be smarter to build on the far side of the moon? Then you don't need to worry about the Earth obscuring the sun at all, right? Or were you referring to some other phenomena?

the moon is tidally locked to the Earth, i.e. it does not rotate about an axis, and takes ~27 days to orbit. therefore around half of those days are in darkness at any given point on its surface, hence the lunar phases

Ah yeah, makes sense... I confused myself.

You still get the Moon obscuring itself. The Earth is not eclipsing the Sun most of the time.

The alternative is that you could also just plan around the lunar cycle by turning machinery off during the lunar night and only having moon landings during the day.

You still need heaters, because a lot of equipment -- including solar panels -- won't survive thermal cycling otherwise.

There are a bunch of things that are better about the Moon: - no atmosphere in the way - no weather or clouds in the way - no buildings or other stuff competing for the land area (yet)

There's no shortage of places to put solar panels, and nothing that will reduce the amount of light getting to them (except the rotation of the Moon itself), so actual efficiency isn't that important.