I wrote an extensively about that as part of my vulkan guide. https://vkguide.dev/docs/gpudriven . The TLDR of it is that you have the cpu upload scene information to the GPU, and then the GPU performs culling and batching by itself in a series of compute shaders. In most games the scene is 99% static, so you can upload the scene at the beggining and never touch it again. this decreases CPU-GPU traffic by orders of magnitude, and if used right, gives you 10x or more performance improvements. Unreal 5 Nanite tech is based on this concept.