This should work to find affected versions on macOS. I'm on Ventura and sort has the -V version sort option. Not sure if all versions of macOS do.

  verlte() {
      # Returns code 0 if first arg is less than or equal two the second arg
      [  "$1" = "$(echo -e "$1\n$2" | sort -V | head -n1)" ]
  }
  
  vscode_version=$(/Applications/Visual\ Studio\ Code.app/Contents/Resources/app/bin/code -v | head -n 1)
  vulnerable_version="1.71.1"
  if verlte $vscode_version $vulnerable_version; then 
      echo 'Vulnerable version!'
  else
      echo "Up to date version"
  fi