I think most of the requirements of this are fully orthogonal to the job of a given compiler, so it's best solved at the level of the build system.

Bazel does this, so instead of needing to reimplement this for each compiler it's automatically done across all your languages, and even any random one-off build rules based on a shell script.

You can share the cache with your team/build infra too: https://bazel.build/remote/caching

(Disclaimer: I've never used this with open-source Bazel, I work at Google and use the internal variant)