For swaps, the tech exists, and manufacturers just need to make it happen. I read a convincing article claiming that Tesla spiked the ball on their swap system because it just a compliance program.

The problem of swapping is that it makes no sense at scale: you need to stock enough charged batteries at swap stations that you can do the swaps, with the equipment.

And batteries are not interchangeable, because they’re structural and to maximise packing. So you need to stock batteries for every car brand if not model at every station. And in the right capacities do you don’t downgrade users (or upgrade them).

Battery swaps make sense on scooters because the cell packing is a lot less critical, so you can have a standard which is resilient and easy to manipulate and eat the loss of cell volume. The same might happen with trucks. If manufacturers can settle on standards in order to maintain travel rates.

> The problem of swapping is that it makes no sense at scale

They only have to scale to the number of cars that want to swap at a given point in time at a given location. EVs with swappable packs can also charge as normal. It's not exclusively swapping or charging, it's both swapping and charging.

> And batteries are not interchangeable, because they’re structural and to maximise packing.

They are if you develop battery swap standards:

https://cnevpost.com/2021/05/10/battery-swap-national-standa...