I was under the impression it was the transformers on the pole taking distribution levels down to residential levels that limited this current.

In the US, generally, the transformer sizing and the line from the pole to your house is the utility company’s problem. When an electrician upgrades a service from 100a to 200a, basically they just ensure the parts between the service line and panel is capable of 200a. —- just the home’s wiring.

Often, those transformers on the pole have some wiggle room in what they can deliver, and just because you upgraded from 100a to 200a service doesn’t mean you’ll actually see a real world change in usage. You usually don’t. Utility companies can over provision that capacity because not everyone on a street switches on their microwave at the same time, etc.