> Employers including technology companies used to provide training and apprenticeships but purposely shifted their job training costs on to job seekers and the education system

AFAIU, both historically and today, most apprenticeships are managed by unions through programs funded (in part) by union-contracting companies. This benefited companies as they didn't have to maintain apprentice programs themselves; and it benefited unions and especially apprentices as apprenticeships weren't tied to any specific company, providing some (albeit limited) employment mobility from the outset.

As unions have receded, so to have these programs, or at least the visibility of these programs.

This was apparently due to the fact that employees would leave to a different company after receiving the training. However, companies also cut things like pensions which would result in longer term employee retention, so I'm not convinced by this argument.