In addition to the frequency of apologizing, I think it also makes it worse if you're constantly apologizing about the same thing, especially if it's something bad that the apology is actually valid for. It always makes me think of the pretty harsh but sometimes valid saying "don't be sorry, be better".
An apology in my mind only works if it's rare, heartfelt and honest. If it happens all the time, for trivial things and does not action any change in behavior from the person, it's pretty close (or worse) than not apologizing in the first place.
A dear friend of mine does that. We kept telling her to stop apologizing, but she just keeps doing it.
So my peer group made it a drinking game. Every time <my friend> apologizes, everyone has to drink.
It hasn't made her stop apologizing, but it's less disconcerting when you're half in the bag. :)
Chances are that someone who apologizes for "basically breathing" doesn't have the ability to even express mild displeasure at the game, much less feel comfortable requesting that it stop. So it's a coin flip whether your friend a) feels like part of the group during this activity in a positive way, or b) takes the whole ordeal as yet another reason from the universe to apologize.
I suspect there's big overlap between women who are chronic apologizers and women with overbearing mothers (NPD, BPD types).
Interesting idea re: NPD/BPD in parents as a possible correlate. Connecting the dots in existing clinical research may agree.
I'm working on it and have improved a lot, but I used to do things like apologise to people whenever they expressed any sort of displeasure or discomfort, even if I had absolutely nothing to do with it and they couldn't possibly think I did... I used to regularly apologise to people when they complained about the weather for example.
In my anecdata, its women around me that are apologizing for very benign things, often and habitually, apologizing for basically breathing and other things that I’m sometimes saying “…. You don’t have to apologize for that”
I’ve heard a couple of reasons for why they think they do it but for a studies’ sake:
Could there be overlapping results and motives as this study, despite being an opposite far extreme of behavior? Or could the psychological result be purely negative? something else?