1.) Reading the position paper should help you with that. It cites some prior literature. In particular the DeWitt paper should be a good jumping off point on citeseer or the like. For that matter, reading DeWitt's papers should cover a great deal of academia's exploration of novel database architectures.

2.) It's a position paper. It's not attempting to assert a novel invention from day one, it's staking a claim about the design space (and further that you should fund us to do research in this space).

3.) The project is ongoing, you can see some preliminary results on their wiki. Most notable are some details on very low latency RPC and very rapid recovery. The recovery work rediscovers the same essential prescription as bigtable but does so via a second sharding scheme, which I believe is novel. Whether it's better is open to debate.