For Web API maybe Go is a reasonable contender if you put up with the boiler plate and verbosity.
As for mobile apps, I didn't encounter anything as productive as Xamarin while being reasonably multiplatform.
I didn't do desktop apps since ages but I remember QT and Embarcadero's C++ builder as being quite productive.
But one platform to do it all? There isn't other. Javascript is today used everywhere but I wouldn't quite qualify it as productive or performant. And countless frameworks and libraries competing with each other kind of makes it a mess.
On the RoR comparison, while coding speed is similar, Blazor is an advancement, and then the runtime perf of .Net 6 vs RoR means having less servers, less cost, and less scaling challenges!
Techempower round 20 has ASP.NET at 309,458, compared to RoR at 8,260. That is 37 TIMES faster for .NET. Think of that as 37 times as much AWS bill for your RoR startup ..
Node has so few "batteries included" that you spend a ridiculous amount of time searching npm.
That's especially bad because Node's ecosystem is a graveyard. There are 3-10 libraries for everything, and (if you're lucky) one will be well-tested and maintained. And even then, you're very rarely going to find something that's also: 1) maintained by more than one person, 2) used in production by well-funded developers, and 3) able to keep up with their Github bug reports.
In some cases, I have to try 2-3 libraries before picking one and often switch to another one later.
.NET, on the other hand, has a great ecosystem, batteries included, and (if needed) usually a commercial library for the really important stuff. It's just a far more stable and serious ecosystem in general.
And that is not Javascript's fault because it was never intended to be anything else that a small script language to interact with DOM in a web page and add a bit of interactivity to HTML.