Depending on how big or small it needs to be, potentially for subtlety? Especially on current roads that are shared by humans and self-driving systems, a human observer will immediately notice that something is terribly wrong with a replaced sign.

But... around here at least, signs have stickers or graffiti on them often enough. Like adding the name of a politician under a stop sign: "Stop [Harper]". An appropriately made adversarial example won't stick out visually the same way that a wholesale sign swap will.

Because NeurIPS doesn't publish papers on stop sign removal yet :P

Warfare comes to mind, as weapons gain increasingly powerful ai functions and become autonomous